Sunday, August 10, 2014

MURDER UNDER THE COLOR OF LAW IN MISSOURI


Looting, vandalism follow vigil for dead Missouri teenager


CrimeShootingsLaw EnforcementVandalismRiotsTelevision IndustryNAACP
18-year-old shot 'more than just a couple of times' by Missouri police officer
Ferguson, Mo., teen struggled over gun in patrol car before being shot to death, police say
Looting, vandalism reported after candlelight vigil for dead teenager in St. Louis suburb
The police shooting of an unarmed teenager in a St. Louis suburb over the weekend triggered angry demonstrations Sunday morning and vandalism and looting Sunday night, local media reported. 
A few thousand demonstrators had gathered for a candlelight vigil in the evening to honor the dead man, Michael Brown, 18, who was shot Saturday around noon by a Ferguson police officer. 
Mourners placed candles, flowers and a teddy bear where Brown was killed, the Associated Press reported, and some youths spray-painted "R.I.P. Michael" on the street.
But then the mood turned ugly. Television footage showed people vandalizing police cars, kicking in store windows and carrying out goods, including bottles of alcohol. At least one large fire was reported. 
St. Louis County Executive Charlie Dooley confirmed widespread property damage but said no injuries had been reported. 


"Right now, the small group of people are creating a huge mess," Ferguson Mayor James Knowles told Fox 2 KTVI-TV. "Contributing to the unrest that is going on is not going to help. ... We're only hurting ourselves, only hurting our community, hurting our neighbors."
Late Sunday, the St. Louis Post Dispatch reported that gunshots had been heard, and a SWAT team had been seen in the area. 
Earlier, police in riot gear watched but did not intervene.
On Sunday morning, St. Louis County Police Chief Jon Belmar said the unarmed Brown had been struggling for a Ferguson police officer’s gun in a patrol car before he was killed.
Witnesses have said the youth, who was black, had his hands in the air as he fled the patrol car.
Brown's mother said she didn't understand why police didn't subdue him with a club or Taser.


"I would like to see him fired," Lesley McSpadden told the Associated Press, referring to the officer who shot her son. "I would like to see him go to jail with the death penalty." 
Belmar said there would be a thorough investigation, with possible inclusion of the FBI. Because Brown is African American, the National Assn. for the Advancement of Colored People has said it would seek a federal investigation.
In a statement on its Facebook page Sunday afternoon, the St. Louis County Police Department, which is handling the shooting investigation, said, “The FBI will be contacted today and notified of the incident. If they choose, they may conduct a separate use-of-force investigation on this incident directly with the Ferguson Police Department.”


Adolphus Pruitt, the vice president of the NAACP Missouri State Conference and president of the St. Louis NAACP, told the Los Angeles Times that two  Justice Department representatives had arrived in St. Louis late Sunday.
The Rev. Al Sharpton of the National Action Network said in a statement Sunday that he had been speaking with Brown’s family and that Brown’s grandfather had asked him “to come to St. Louis in light of the police killing of his grandson to assist the family in achieving a fair investigation and justice.”
According to Belmar, Brown was walking with a friend in the middle of the street when an officer attempted to exit his vehicle. Police said Brown pushed the officer back into the police car.
Brown then entered the officer’s vehicle and a struggle ensued over the officer’s weapon, according to police. During the altercation a shot was fired inside the car.
The officer and Brown then exited the vehicle and at that point the fatal shooting occurred, Belmar said.


The officer who fired the shots has been placed on paid administrative leave and has not been identified. He has been on the force for six years.
Belmar said Brown was shot “more than just a couple of times,” but it was unclear how many shots were fired.
Witnesses' accounts have differed from that of the police.
Dorin Johnson, a friend of the victim, told Fox 2 that he was walking in the street with Brown when the police squad car pulled up. The officer said to "Get the eff onto the sidewalk," he recounted.
"It was not but a minute from our destination and we would be off the street," Johnson said.
Johnson said the officer didn't get out of his police car, but reached  "his arm out the window and grabbed my friend around the neck."


Another witness, Piaget Crenshaw, said, "I witnessed the police chase after the guy, full force. He ran for his life. They shot him and he fell. He put his arms up to let them know that he was compliant and he was unarmed, and they shot him twice more and he fell to the ground and died."
Brown's grandmother, Desiree Harris, told the Associated Press that she was driving through the neighborhood Saturday afternoon when she saw her grandson running a few blocks from her house.
Brown was supposed to start college classes Monday.
"He was running this way," she said. "When I got up there, my grandson was lying on the pavement. I asked the police what happened. They didn't tell me nothing."
Louis Head, Brown’s stepfather, held a sign that said, “Ferguson police just executed my unarmed son!!!”
McSpadden said the shooting was “wrong and it was cold-hearted.”
Belmar said Sunday that the entire incident scene extends roughly 35 feet from where the police car was parked to where the fatal shooting took place, and where shell casings matching the officer’s weapon have been found. He said toxicology reports could take six weeks.
While the police held the news conference Sunday at the Ferguson police station, hundreds of protesters gathered in front, holding up their hands and saying, "Don't shoot me."
The protesters chanted, "We want answers" and "No justice, no peace,” some carrying signs saying "stop police terrorism" and "disarm the police," according to the Associated Press.
“We are sorry that a young man lost his life and ask all to give their condolences to the family along with their thoughts and prayers,” the St. Louis County Police Department said in its Facebook statement.
“We are investigating this incident as we would any other shooting,” the statement said. “There is no bias or favoritism applied as we are an outside agency and were not involved.”
Ferguson Police Chief Thomas Jackson described the shooting as tragic in an interview with Fox 2. "It’s tragic for the community. It’s tragic for our police family.”
"We want this to come to a conclusion quickly,” Jackson said.


Follow @msrikris for national news

TEMPLE UNIVERSITY PROF SHOCKS STUDENTS BY RESIGINING

Iyelli Ichile: Resigned.
Iyelli Ichile: Resigned.
Iyelli Ichile: Resigned.GALLERY: Temple prof shocks students by resigning
IN YET ANOTHER blow to Temple University's African American Studies Department, another professor, Iyelli Ichile, has suddenly resigned - three weeks before the start of the new school year.
Ichile, who taught African-American studies and served as the undergraduate chairwoman, resigned Monday, citing family reasons, according to department chairman Molefi Asante.
Classes at Temple are set to begin Aug. 25.
The department was the target of protests last spring over the firing of professor Anthony Monteiro.
Contacted by telephone, Ichile declined to comment.
In an email to students and faculty Tuesday, Asante described Ichile as "one of our most active and valued faculty members.
"Of course, we were stunned and broken hearted; however, we must wish her well and regroup and move forward with the work to be done for the next year."
Asante, who did not respond to an email request for comment, wrote that Ichile and her fiance both found jobs at Florida A&M University "and will be moving there immediately."
Temple student leader Paul Cange, who led some of the protests over Monteiro's dismissal, said students were shocked to learn Ichile is leaving.
"She was so important in the department, and she was well-liked," Cange said.
He said he had registered for his first class with her in the upcoming semester.
As undergraduate chairwoman, Ichile helped students who majored and minored in African-American studies stay on track with their classes.
In an email, Cange wrote: "As a student in the African American Studies Department, I am very confused as to what is happening in my department, [four] professors are gone from last semester and not one has been replaced.
"And I feel that the university administration, especially the provost, should step in to help rectify the situation within the department."
Temple spokesman Ray Betzner said: "We will meet our obligation to our students and we will cover these classes."
One graduate student, who did not want to be named, said she did believe Ichile was leaving for family reasons.
"It's sad, but I don't think it's related to politics," she said.

Saturday, August 9, 2014

World News in Review


News Updates from CLG
9 August 2014
 
Previous edition: U.S. Airstrikes in Iraq Have Begun - Reports. Google subscribers: Google Filter Instructions for CLG Newsletter.
 
First, al-CIAduh. Now, I-CIA-SIS: U.S. trained militants who joined ISIS --Secret Jordan base was site of covert aid to 'rebels' targeting Assad 17 June 2014 Syrian rebels who would later join the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, or ISIS, were trained in 2012 by U.S. instructors working at a secret base in Jordan, according to informed Jordanian officials. The officials said dozens of future ISIS members were trained at the time as part of covert aid to the insurgents targeting the government of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad in Syria...Last March, the German weekly Der Spiegel reported Americans were training Syrian rebels in Jordan.
 
U.S. Jets and Drones Used to Attack in Iraq 8 Aug 2014 The United States launched a series of airstrikes against Sunni militants in northern Iraq on Friday, using Predator drones and Navy F-18 fighter jets to destroy rebel positions around the city of Erbil, the American military said Friday. The action marked the return of the United States to a direct combat role in a country it left in 2011. Warplanes dropped 500-pound laser-guided bombs on a number of targets: a mobile artillery piece that was being towed from a truck and had begun shelling Erbil, a stationary [?] convoy of seven vehicles, and a mortar position.
 
U.S. Drops Food and Water to Trapped Iraqis for Second Day 8 Aug 2014 U.S. military aircraft dropped a second air drop of humanitarian aid to Iraqis under threat from hardline militants in northern Iraq for the second straight night, the Pentagon said on Friday. Three planes dropped 72 bundles of supplies for the refugees, according to Pentagon spokesman Rear Admiral John Kirby, who spoke from New Delhi. Included in the aid were more than 28,000 meals and more than 1,500 gallons of water. [Yes, the US gets water to people 'stranded and thirsty' on an Iraq mountain, due to ISIL. Too bad Detroit isn't in Iraq, as an 'ISIL' govt shut off Detroit's water. --LRP]
 
FAA bans commercial airlines from flying over Iraq as U.S. bombing missions begin--Authorities announced the ban Friday morning only hours after the Pentagon confirmed two U.S. bombs were dropped over northern Iraq --Two 500-pound, laser-guided bombs were dropped on 'enemy artillery equipment' Friday morning near the Kurdish capital or Erdil - Pentagon 8 Aug 2014 Federal aviation authorities are prohibiting U.S. airlines and other commercial carriers from flying over Iraq as U.S. bombing missions begin. The FAA announced the ban Friday, citing the 'potentially hazardous situation' created by fighting between militants and Iraqi security forces and their allies as U.S. military planes begin strategic airstrikes against the Islamic State. The ban applies to all U.S.-registered planes except those operated by foreign carriers and to FAA-licensed pilots and comes only one day after President Obama authorized the attacks.
 
US military launches two new rounds of bombings in Iraq 8 Aug 2014 The United States launched a second round of airstrikes on targets near Irbil, Iraq Friday, taking out two Islamic militant mortar positions and a seven-vehicle convoy, a Pentagon official said. The new action came just hours after American fighter jets launched a first round of strikes and one day after President Obama authorized military action to protect U.S. personnel and Iraqi civilians. Pentagon Press Secretary Rear Admiral John Kirby said the U.S. launched the second round of two airstrikes to help defend Irbil, where U.S. personnel are "assisting the government of Iraq."
 
Car bomb in Iraq's capital kills 17 7 Aug 2014 At least 17 people, including six Iraqi policemen, have been killed in a powerful car bomb attack on a police checkpoint in the Iraqi capital city of Baghdad. According to Iraqi security sources, the deadly incident took place in the holy town of Kadhimiya, located in a northern neighborhood of Baghdad, on Thursday. Thirty-one people also suffered injuries in the incident.
 
Rockets, Airstrikes After Gaza War Truce Collapses --More than 1,900 Gazans have been killed in the four-week war, roughly three-quarters of them civilians, according to Palestinian and United Nations officials. 9 Aug 2014 Israeli airstrikes struck more than 20 targets Saturday in the Gaza Strip as militant rocket fire continued toward Israel following the collapse of a three-day truce aimed at ending the war between Israel and Hamas...Hamas officials said the Israel airstrikes Saturday hit houses, mosques, its warehouses and training sites. A handful of rockets landed Saturday morning in Israel.
 
Israel detains over 1,000 anti-war Palestinians 8 Aug 2014 Latest figures show Israeli forces have arrested more than a thousand Palestinians protesting against Tel Aviv's aerial and ground attacks on the besieged Gaza Strip. Sources said the activists were detained during the crackdown on towns of Palestinian Arab population across Israel. Israeli media outlets have cited a lawyer representing some of the arrested people as saying that dozens of them are being held without charge.
 
Russia 'already turning away trucks at border' --Afrucat says Russian importers started cancelling orders from EU suppliers this morning 7 Aug 2014 Catalan producer association Afrucat is urging its members not to send lorries to Russia until the situation regarding the ban on EU imports has been fully clarified, following reports that trucks laden with fruits and vegetables are already being refused entry at border crossings.
 
WHO declares Ebola an international health emergency 8 Aug 2014 The world's worst outbreak of Ebola that has killed nearly 1,000 people in West Africa represents an international health emergency and could continue spreading for months, the World Health Organization said on Friday. "The outbreak is moving faster than we can control it," WHO Director-General Margaret Chan told reporters on a telephone briefing from her Geneva headquarters. The U.N. agency said all states where Ebola had passed from one person to another should declare a national emergency.
 
Toronto-area hospital treating traveler with flu-like symptoms - TV 8 Aug 2014 A Toronto-area hospital is treating a patient with fever and flu-like symptoms who recently visited Nigeria, where a state of emergency has been declared over the Ebola outbreak in West Africa. CBC News said on Friday that the patient has been isolated at the Brampton, Ontario, hospital, as a precautionary measure.
 
U.S. orders diplomats' families to leave Liberia as Ebola spreads to fifth country 7 Aug 2014 The director of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said on Thursday he has activated the agency's emergency operation center at the highest response level to help respond to the worst Ebola outbreak in history, which has killed 932 people. In testimony at a special congressional hearing on Ebola, CDC Director Dr. Thomas Frieden said the centers have more than 200 staff members in Atlanta working on the outbreak, and will soon have more than 50 disease experts in West Africa to try to contain the outbreak...The United States ordered families of its diplomats in Liberia to leave and warned against non-essential travel to the West African country because of the growing Ebola outbreak.
 
First European Ebola patient admitted to Madrid hospital 7 Aug 2014 The first European victim [Priest Miguel Pajares, 75,] of the West African Ebola outbreak arrived in Spain on Thursday morning and was rushed to a Madrid hospital, officials said, as hopes rose that a US experimental vaccine could soon be available for wider treatment. The pair [Pajares and colleague, Sister Juliana Bohi] landed amid high security at a military air base near the capital and were transferred into ambulances on stretchers enclosed in transparent tents, pushed by medical staff wearing protective suits. They were then taken to La Paz hospital accompanied by a police escort.
 
6 people tested for Ebola in US - report 5 Aug 2014 As health officials downplay concerns about an Ebola outbreak in the US, six people have been quietly tested across the country for the deadly virus, according to a report. In addition to patients isolated in New York, Atlanta and Ohio, there were six other patients tested without the public's knowledge, according to a CNN report. The tests were negative.
 
Fears that tiger mosquito could spread dengue in France 7 Aug 2014 Doctors on the French Riviera have treated 17 people for dengue fever and chikungunya this year, amid fears that a decade-long invasion of Asian tiger mosquitoes in the region could spread the tropical diseases. Four of the patients had dengue fever and 11 contracted chikungunya. The presence of Asian tiger mosquitoes in France is proving a big concern to health services because unlike native species they are able to transmit both dengue and chikungunya.
 
Death of James Brady, Reagan press secretary, ruled a homicide 08 Aug 2014 A medical examiner has ruled the recent death of former White House press secretary James Brady, who was wounded in the 1981 assassination attempt on President Ronald Reagan, a homicide, raising the possibility John Hinckley Jr. could be charged with murder. Members of the Metropolitan Police Department's Homicide Branch, the United States Attorney's Office, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation are reviewing the case, according to a police press release issued Friday.
 
Blind Man Attacked and Robbed in Hartford, Guide Dog Knocked Unconscious 8 Aug 2014 Hartford police are searching for the three young men sociopaths they say attacked and robbed a blind man and knocked his guide dog unconscious last weekend. Francis Shannon, of Sigourney Street in Hartford, was walking his guide dog, Lady, near his home around midnight Aug. 2 when three men attacked and robbed him, according to police. Shannon suffered minor injuries, and the attackers threatened to hurt him further if he reported the incident to police. He was afraid for his safety and didn't contact authorities right away.
 
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CLG Editor-in-Chief: Lori Price. Copyright © 2014, Citizens for Legitimate Government ® All rights reserved.

Friday, August 8, 2014

Coming soon from Third World Press: Black Hollywood unchained, an anthology edited by Ishmael Reed


In Black Hollywood Unchained, Ishmael Reed gathers an impressive group of scholars, critics, intellectuals, and artist to examine and respond to the contemporary portrayals of Blacks in films.  Using the 2012 release of the film Django Unchained as the focal point of much of the discussion, these essays and reviews provide a critical perspective on the challenges facing filmmakers and actors when confronted with issues on race and the historical portrayal of African American characters. Reed also addresses the black community’s perceptiveness as discerning and responsible consumers of film, theatre, art, and music. Contributors to this collection are: Jill Nelson, Amiri Baraka, Cecil Brown, Halifu Osumare, Houston A. Baker, Tony Medina, Herb Boyd, Jerry Ward, Ruth Elizabeth Burks, Art Burton, Justin Desmangles, Jesse Douglass, Jack Foley, Joyce A. Joyce, C. Leigh McInnis, Heather Russell, Harriette Surovell, Kathryn Takara, Al Young and Marvin X.

Thursday, August 7, 2014

Black Bird Press News & Review: Abstract for the Black Arts Movement 27 City Tour of the BAM Poet's Choir and Arkestra

Black Bird Press News & Review: Abstract for the Black Arts Movement 27 City Tour of the BAM Poet's Choir and Arkestra





 Sun Ra, BAM philosopher, poet, arranger, band leader of the Myth-Science Arkestra
Worked with Marvin X at his Black Educational Theatre, San Francisco, 1972

 Nikki Giovanni, a BAM worker


Ed Bullins, playwright, cofounder with Marvin X of Black Arts West Theatre, San Francisco, 1966, the Black House, 1967, with Marvin and Eldridge Cleaver. Ed invited Marvin X to work with him at the New Lafayette Theatre in Harlem NY, 1968. Marvin was associate editor of Black Theatre Magazine, a publication of the New Lafayette Theatre.

 Barbara Ann Teer, founder of the National Black Theatre, Harlem NY
 Woody King, BAM producer
Godfather, Ancestor, Amiri Baraka

Dr. Walter Rodney's How Europe Underdeveloped Africa

Forty years of How Europe Underdeveloped Africa

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This year marks the 40th anniversary of the publication of Walter Rodney’s How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. Every now and then in history a scholarly enterprise emerges that breaks new ground and provokes an impact that exceeds the confines of narrow academia. Walter Rodney’s seminal work in combination with his other projects performed precisely this function for Africa and beyond.
Its publication and reception exemplified the strains and fissures in the scholarship focused on the continent at the time. It would go on to become one of the most influential books in the “Third World.”
When it emerged in 1972 the book was hailed in Dar-es-Salaam as “probably the greatest book event in Africa since Frantz Fanon.” Wole Soyinka, the African novelist went further. He suggested that Rodney was one of the first “solidly ideologically situated intellectuals ever to look colonialism and exploitation in the eye and where necessary, spit in it.”
The book’s publication led to a veritable revolution in the teaching of African history in the universities and schools in Africa, the Caribbean and North America. Its content became contagious and was an element in the developing world historical sociology stream in embryo in the USA in the 1970s – more specifically the “world systems analysis’ framework. Rodney’s doctoral thesis – A History of the Upper Guinea Coast, had earlier set the parameters and standard for this later decisive intervention in African historiography.
Rodney compiled How Europe Underdeveloped Africa from extensive archival research systematically identifying causes and outcome of the historical turbulence on the African continent. In doing so he identified the world capitalist system, both mercantile and modern, as the principal agency of underdevelopment of the African continent for over five centuries. The book covers a wide range: an introductory discussion on the concepts “development and underdevelopment;” the state of Africa prior to European entry; Africa’s contribution to capitalist development; the effects of colonial education and impact of missionary activity; the collective nature of African organisation; and of course the exploitation of African resources during the colonial era and consequent “underdevelopment.”
Africa’s contribution to European capitalist development
According to Rodney, Europeans went through several phases of desire in Africa: first it was gold, through ivory and camwood to human cargo (slavery). He sketches the slow conquest and penetration due to shipping superiority and the slow breakup of African kingdoms and states in the 16th-17th century leading to the Portuguese slave trade and decision-making role for Europeans in Africa. While dissecting the slave trade he drew parallels between the rise of the European seaport towns of Bristol, Liverpool, Nantes, Seville and the Atlantic slave trade.
In a passage that vividly explains the impact of Europe on Africa and its subsequent underdevelopment Rodney asserted that:
“the European slave trade was a direct block, in removing millions of youth and young adults who are the human agents from whom inventiveness springs. Those who remained in areas badly hit by slave capturing were preoccupied about their freedom rather than with improvements in production.”
Rodney pursues the notion that colonisation gave Europe a technological edge and addresses the exploitation of African minerals important for making steel alloys, manganese and chrome, including columbite – critical for aircraft engines. Significantly, in the course of this orbit of exploitation there was incessant African resistance. But European firearms, after reaching a certain phase of effectiveness, as in the use of the Maxim (machine gun) against the Maji Maji and the Zulus and others, in concert with the use of Africans in colonial armies tipped the military balance in favour of Europe and subjugated a continent.
Unilever, Firestone and the exploitation of a continent
Throughout the text Rodney provides compelling evidence of European greed, naming traders and businessmen whose titles would later became associated with global conglomerates. David and Alexander Barclay were 18th century slave traders who Rodney said were “engaging in the slave trade… and who later used the loot to set up Barclays bank.” Today Barclays is one of the most powerful banks in the world yet its website sanitizes its past role with little or no acknowledgement that its founding profits stemmed from the African slave trade.
Contemporary corporate culture with its beneficent public relations outlook took generations to perfect. As Rodney eloquently describes, there was a point in time when colonialists and settlers held nothing back in their language of domination. Colonel Grogan, a white settler in Kenya, bluntly said of the Kikuyu: “We have stolen his land. Now we must steal his limbs. Compulsory labour is the corollary of our occupation of the country.”
Rodney also attacks the notion, which unfortunately still persists, that there is some universal nexus or equal relationship between “hard work” and great wealth, a myth peddled in the West today. In his tome Rodney swats away this “common myth within capitalist thought that the individual through hard work can become a capitalist.”
In like vein Rodney connects America to the exploitation of Africa, especially with the links between the Firestone company and Liberian rubber. According to Rodney, “between 1940 and 1965 Firestone took 160 million dollars worth of rubber out of Liberia; while in return the Liberian government received 8 million dollars.”
He traces the evolution of companies like Unilever as major beneficiaries of the exploitation of the African continent. Beginning with soap, William Lever began to produce Lifebuoy, Lux and Vim and margarine. A merger in 1929-30 resulted in Unilever taking its current title and expanding with the material coming from products such as copra, groundnut oil, palm oil, and oils and the fats of animals. Today Unilever is one of the biggest corporations in the world now responsible for everyday indispensable brand name products such as Dove, Closeup toothpaste, Lipton’s tea, Q tips, Vaseline, Cutex, Slimfast, Klondike, Ben & Jerry’s ice cream, Ponds, Sunlight, Breeze, and Vim of old.
Criticisms
Even as How Europe Underdeveloped Africa struck a chord among many academics, students and general readership on several continents it has been subjected to several critiques over time. It is certainly evident that the text is short on gender analyses and the role of women – only a few pages bear on women in Africa and the context of their exploitation and resistance.
One critic suggested that despite its pretensions to be Marxist analysis the text actually fails on that count. This critique explains that How Europe Underdeveloped Africa “fails because it tries to persuade an African audience of the relevance of dependence theory by making it mesh with the simplistic version of the past already popularised by nationalist historians.”
Another critic, Caroline Neade, argues that Rodney identified Africa as “passive victim” of European colonization. But there is a lot in the book which would render this criticism unfair. Rodney quite conspicuously emphasised African technological development at a given point in history prior to European intervention and African resistance to European penetration is given vigorous treatment and agency in the text.
Other scholars generally sympathetic with Rodney nonetheless find fault with some of his other arguments. Lansine Kaba for example, whilst hailing the importance of the work for African scholarship, is critical of the “sweeping generalization” and placement of Sudanic kingdoms as feudal states and Rodney’s description of traditional African economies as subsistence economies. Similarly, others have decried Rodney’s 1972 book as too “polemical.”
Yet Rodney was the non-traditional historian and “polemic” that reached a wider, popular audience was essentially his goal. In his own words Rodney declared that the main purpose of the text was to “try to reach Africans who wish to explore further the nature of their exploitation rather than to satisfy the “standards” set by our oppressors and their spokesmen in the academic world.”
Living history and Rodney’s method
One of the more important themes that distinguished Rodney as an historian with a difference was the issue of “living history” a concept apparent in the methodology of How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. Rodney explains:
“Many historians are afraid to deal with living history and I can understand why, because sometimes it is dangerous, especially in Africa. The moment that the social scientist begins to reflect too closely on the present, he or she is subversive in the Third world. It is safer to be with the mummies and the bones.”
Rodney’s productive and activist zeal for history is well established. Andaiye reflected on his propensity for writing: “He wrote everywhere – in the car if he wasn’t driving, standing on the street corner, on the stelling waiting to board the Berbice ferry, waiting for public meetings to begin in Linden, on the Corentyne, in Leonora, in Buxton, often surrounded by police.” This anecdote gives an indication of the type of historian Rodney was: a living breathing embodiment of the seamless collusion between work and activism, people’s causes and the use of history as clarification and intellectual armour and not restricted to an inert academic excursion.
This makes Rodney one of the main critics of the positivist tradition in historiography. The positivists consider humanities or the natural and social sciences as solely derived from sensory experience. Consequently, the logical and mathematical treatment of any data is seen as exclusive and authentic. Positivism, which prevailed in the humanities, and in the social and natural sciences, remained dominant until historians like Rodney, the feminist movement and oral history advocates among others punctured its limitations and pretensions.
Rodney’s book today
After Rodney’s assassination in 1980 his work continued to grip the imagination of Third World and Pan-African scholarship. Evidence of the book’s lasting value is the fact that at least eight editions have been published over time. Furthermore it is still widely utilised, even with academic challenges to its content, as a critical reference point on the historiography of Africa.
But there is still difficult road ahead as memories are short even in the age of express communication. More and more we are hearing from young people in Guyana, the Caribbean and Africa, who, on being introduced to his life and work typically come up with the refrain: “Who is Rodney?”
Issa Shivji, Professor of Law at Dar University placed this amnesia in context as he reflects on today’s reality. During Rodney’s time, he said, “we swore by wafanya kazi na wakulima (workers and peasants); now we all aspire to become wawekezaji na walaji (investors and consumers). Or more correctly wakala na wawekezaji (investors’ agents or compradors).”
In the final analysis, for the Guyanese historian, writing and activism was a strategic and heartfelt response to the need for history, while maintaining academic rigour, to break with certain conservative traditions. In other words, history was a liberating tool. Like Frantz Fanon’s Wretched of the Earth and Paulo Freire’s Pedagogy of the OppressedHow Europe Underdeveloped Africa remains one of the most compelling and persuasive books to emerge from the bowels of critical resistance to the exploitation of small countries.
If Rodney were to rewrite How Europe Underdeveloped Africa he would doubtless, given the scholar within, reconfigure sections, tighten certain arguments and perfect the narrative. But his overall thesis would stand. The overt fangs that slave traders and corporate giants like Barclays, Unilever and Firestone openly displayed in early profiteering and exploitation of the continent have been replaced by charming corporate public relations smiles and handouts.
Yet the profits sequestered from Africa over several centuries, as effectively argued by Rodney, still stand as a foremost if not exclusive source and substance of Africa’s underdevelopment. In short, Europe and North America assisted substantially in the rape and underdevelopment of a continent rich in human and natural resources.