Thursday, April 10, 2014

Crisis in the Central Africa Republic



9 April 2014

Q&A: The Central African Republic’s human rights crisis

A girl sits at the back of a truck as she prepares to flee sectarian violence in Bouar.
A girl sits at the back of a truck as she prepares to flee sectarian violence in Bouar.
© REUTERS/Siegfried Modola
The Central African Republic is gripped by a human rights and humanitarian crisis of historic proportions. By failing to respond more robustly and urgently, the international community has shown a callous disregard for the country’s embattled civilians, abandoning them in their moment of need.
Christian Mukosa, Central Africa Researcher at Amnesty International
Background
The Seleka militia (meaning “alliance” in Sango, the national language) was responsible for widespread and systematic human rights abuses in the Central African Republic (CAR) over the course of 2013. After a murderous rampage that started in the north-east, the Seleka spread out across the country, seizing the capital Bangui and ousting then-President François Bozizé in March 2013. Over the following 10 months, Seleka forces killed countless civilians, burned numerous villages, and looted thousands of homes. (See Amnesty International, CAR: Human rights crisis spiralling out of control, AFR 19/003/2013.)

The arbitrary and abusive nature of the Seleka’s rule helped give rise to the current high level of sectarian hostility. The majority of the country’s population is Christian, as was former President Bozizé. Seleka leader Michel Djotodia, who served as the country’s transitional president until 10 January 2014, is Muslim, as are most members of the Seleka forces.

Seleka abuses spurred the emergence of the loosely organized “anti-balaka” militia (“machete proof” in Sango), made up of Christians and animists opposed to Seleka rule. In the last four months of 2013, anti-balaka fighters carried out horrific attacks on Muslim communities, particularly in CAR’s northwest, including on many villages around the town of Bossangoa.

daring 5 December 2013 anti-balaka attack on Bangui led to an explosion of violence, tearing whatever was left of the country’s social fabric. After the Seleka forces managed to repel the anti-balaka offensive they carried out an extensive series of reprisal attacks against Christians in the city. Although the Seleka in some cases claimed to be pursuing anti-balaka militants, they did not make a meaningful effort to distinguish between militants and non-militants, killing between 800 to 1,200 people, primarily civilian men.

French military forces with a UN mandate began their deployment in CAR during the early December violence, joining a small African-led peacekeeping force that was already deployed there. They are due to be joined in the near future by up to 1,000 European Union troops, which will hand over to a larger UN peacekeeping mission in September 2014.

How has the situation in CAR evolved since January 2014?

The situation in CAR changed significantly after the resignation of President Michel Djotodia on 10 January 2014, and the election of a new interim president, Catherine Samba Panza soon after.

As soon as Djotodia left office, Seleka forces began to withdraw from their outposts across the country. In town after town, when the Seleka left, the anti-balaka militia moved in and launched violent attacks against the Muslim minority. Because international peacekeeping forces were extremely slow to deploy across the country, the field was open to the anti-balaka to assert their power and authority. They killed many hundreds of Muslim civilians, sometimes in large-scale massacres, looted Muslim homes and shops, and burned and destroyed mosques. Among their victims were women and young children; in some cases entire families were killed. Their stated goal was to rid the country of Muslims forever.

Anti-balaka fighters are now the main perpetrators of violence, especially in Bangui and in the western third of the country. Seleka forces that retreated to the north also continue to commit serious human rights abuses in the territory under their control. There is currently no functioning justice system in CAR, with little or no possibility of police investigations, court proceedings, and incarceration, resulting in total impunity for human rights violations.

Recent months have witnessed massive ethnic cleansing: a forced exodus of tens of thousands of Muslim civilians to neighbouring Chad, Cameroon and Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Much of this newly-created refugee population is living in makeshift camps where conditions are dire. 

The few thousand Muslims who remain in the capital and the western part of the country (where they used to represent about 15 percent of the population) are nearly all displaced. Many are taking refuge in churches, and most are waiting for evacuation, fearing attacks by anti-balaka fighters. 

There are still more than 650,000 internally displaced people inside CAR. Thousands of houses have been looted and burnt, leaving many people – Christians and Muslims alike – without a home to return to. 

Is it a religious conflict?

Civilians are being targeted along religious lines, but not because of their religious beliefs or practices. Although different religious communities lived peacefully together for generations, intermarrying and living in mixed neighbourhoods, mistrust and even hatred now separates many members of different religious communities. Religion is viewed as a critical indicator of one’s loyalties to the country’s different armed groups. 

Not all Christians and Muslims have embraced sectarian hatred. Indeed, many Muslim civilians have been protected by their Christian neighbours, or have sought – and found – protection in churches and Catholic missions. In addition, some Christians, especially women who married Muslim men, have been threatened and harmed by the anti-balaka militia.

Amnesty International has characterized the forced expulsion of Muslims from CAR as “ethnic cleansing”. (See CAR: Ethnic cleansing and sectarian killings in the Central African Republic, AFR 19/004/2014.) Although the term does not have a formal definition under international law, a UN Commission of Experts has defined it as a “purposeful policy designed by one ethnic or religious group to remove by violent and terror-inspiring means the civilian population of another ethnic or religious group from certain geographic areas.”  The anti-balaka militia groups each operate under a local command but with the common objective of ridding the country of its Muslim population. These acts can constitute crimes against humanity and war crimes.

How are the new transitional authorities dealing with armed groups?

The new government, led by President Catherine Samba-Panza, includes some representatives of the Seleka and anti-balaka militias. Negotiations are ongoing between the government and militia leaders. This has led to various splits among both armed groups, especially on the question of disarmament. 

About 8,000 Seleka fighters are still cantoned (but not yet disarmed) in military camps in Bangui and are expecting to benefit from a Disarmament Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) process. While some anti-balaka are willing to disarm if they benefit from a similar package as the Seleka, radical leaders of both armed groups have told their members to keep fighting. The phenomenon is similar with the former army (Forces Armées Centrafricaines or FACA), dispersed since the departure of President Bozizé. Along with former police and gendarmerie forces, some ex-FACA agreed to reintegrate their positions under the supervision of international peacekeepers in Bangui. However others gathered in the north to form a new armed group called Renewal and Justice (RJ) and are recruiting anti-balaka fighters. RJ now controls a huge territory along the border with Cameroon and Chad.

Several areas of the capital Bangui have increasingly come under the control of the anti-balaka militias, who have (especially since 22 March 2014) launched repeated attacks on civilians and African Union-led peacekeepers of the International Support Mission to Central Africa (MISCA). The rest of the country generally remains out of control, as the government has no authority outside Bangui and relies on international peacekeepers. Some Seleka members who fled Bangui have regrouped in towns where peacekeepers are not present, especially in the country’s north-east, where they continue to commit atrocities, and have not shown any willingness to disarm. Others have fled the country, mainly to Chad, raising serious questions about whether they will ever be brought to justice. 

What happens to people fleeing the CAR?

Tens of thousands of people forced to flee the violence in the CAR are now facing another humanitarian catastrophe in neighbouring countries including Chad, Cameroon and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. With the rainy season, the already desperate situation will quickly deteriorate unless shelter, food and medical facilities are urgently made available for them. 

During a mission to Chad conducted in early March 2014, Amnesty International delegates found thousands of people from CAR who had been neglected by the Chadian authorities and humanitarian agencies, many suffering from severe malnutrition and with no shelter other than the shade of trees. Most of the camps where these people stay are too close to the border, contributing to increasing insecurity and vulnerability of refugees. 

How involved is the international community?

In December 2013, the UN Security Council authorized the deployment of international forces, now comprising around 6,000 African Union peacekeepers (MISCA) and 2,000 French troops (Sangaris). Yet these forces failed to deploy swiftly outside Bangui to protect civilians. On 1 April, the European Union launched a military operation of up to 1,000 troops (EUFOR-RCA) to be deployed in Bangui soon, to allow the redeployment of international troops already present there to go to other provinces.  EUFOR RCA is intended as a “bridging mission” until a UN peacekeeping operation of around 12,000 troops and police can deploy in the CAR, which is expected by 15 September 2014.

What is Amnesty International calling for?
We are calling on the international community:
  • To provide MISCA and other international peacekeeping forces with sufficient resources to enhance their capacity to rapidly deploy in all regions of the country in order to protect civilians effectively, especially in and around IDP sites and remote towns where Muslims are still present.
  • To immediately start contingency preparations and planning for the transformation of MISCA into a United Nations peacekeeping operation, as requested by Security Council resolution 2127 (2013).
  • To ensure smooth coordination among all military forces present in CAR, including the MISCA, French forces (Sangaris), and EUFOR RCA.
  • To accelerate the disarmament process and ensure that no state is supporting in any way or providing arms to militias active in CAR, as prohibited by the UN arms embargo (resolution 2127 – 2013).
  • To expedite the effective deployment and coordinate the activities of the various human rights monitors, including the international Commission of Inquiry, in order to help identify the perpetrators of human rights violations, including crimes under international law, and ensure that they are held accountable.
  • To ensure the prompt reconstitution of the judiciary and other justice bodies, including courts, prisons, and prosecutorial agencies.
  • To ensure that refugees who flee to neighbouring countries are identified and receive appropriate protection through an effective cooperation between the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) and the national authorities of Chad, Cameroon and the DRC.

Community Archives Project Update: SNCC Archives up for bid; Dr. Nathan Hare Slams Stanford rejection of his archives



Archivist Marvin X, Dr. Julia Hare, Dr. Nathan Hare, Attorney Amira Jackmon

Marvin,
Keep me posted. It doesn’t look good. I’m not sure how much many white liberals valued black studies, especially the empirical silent majority, unless maybe they wanted to teach in it. They would have preferred that it be polka dot. specially those of an empirical mindset. But more than that they prefer the battle to take place off campus. Or be an off campus issue or one that is not divisive. Not only was what you call history-making done to the historian’s home, but more than that, it could be tantamount to them touting black studies itself, as you yourself imply. However, it is not possible to make them like it if they don’t. Maybe if I didn’t have all of their degrees it would help. Lol. It will be a great disappointment and put me in a bind, but there’s nowhere to go but forward and no place to go but up. The challenge will be to keep on going. If nothing significant happens soon, I will want to set up a legal prohibition to keep anybody from acquiring my archives after I am dead. Or simply have them destroyed in the early future. I don’t care if they’re historically white, historically black or historically chartreuse or whatnot. So time is running out.
Nathan
415 672 2986

Dear Marvin,

Thanks so much for your note.  I'm pleased to hear that the Hare archives are close to finding an institutional home.  Unfortunately, I am unable to provide the counteroffer that you propose, so I'm afraid Stanford will have to bow out.  

I appreciate your patience during this long process and would be pleased to learn where the archives are placed, so that I might eventually refer interested researchers to them.  Again, thanks for your patience and engagement; I applaud your Community Archives Project and your care of the Hare archives. 

Please let me know if you have any questions and I hope our paths cross again. 

All best,

Ben Stone
Green Library
Stanford University
The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee Was In The Forefront Of The Civil Rights Movement Of The 1960's. This Massive Financial Archive Provides An Insight To That Organization

Up for Auction: SNCC's Massive Financial Archive

SOURCE: http://www.hcaauctions.com/The-Student-Nonviolent-Coordinating-Committee-Was--lot35490.aspx

NOTE: This important SNCC archive must be in the hands of CONSCIOUS Blackfolk. Morehouse, Spellman, Tuskeegee, Fisk, Howard, Hampton and other HBCUs should be bidding on this treasure trove. Or Black individuals who can afford to buy this archive and donate it to an HCBU should be in on the bidding. We should not let this go to some white college/university or some white individual's personal archives to appreciate value for his or her personal wealth. Or can a collective of former SNCCFolk pool their meager resources and "rescue" this archive?-- Sam Anderson

The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) (snik) was one of the organizations of the American Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s.

Many unpaid volunteers worked with SNCC on projects in Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Arkansas, and Maryland. SNCC played a major role in the sit-ins and freedom rides, a leading role in the 1963 March on Washington, Mississippi Freedom Summer, and the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party over the next few years. SNCC's major contribution was in its field work, organizing voter registration drives all over the South, especially in Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi.

The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee Archive consists of greater than 4000 pieces, all of which have been placed in slip sheets and organized in [20] Three-Ring Binders. This financial archive covers various dates ranging in 1963-68 to include accounting and bookkeeping documents such as doner lists, expense reports, vouchers, travel receipts, ledger sheets, office expenses reports, vendor bills, utility bills, ect. There is some type of document for nearly every city in the Southern states. And, there are literally 1000's of names involved within these SNCC documents.

Although the archive is too volumnus to fully collate, we do note documents associated with several key Black Civil Rights leaders.

John Lewis signed an expense request. (Lewis was an influential SNCC leader and is recognized by most as one of the important leaders of the Civil Rights Movement as a whole).

Julian Bond is listed on an expense report. (On Easter weekend, 1960, Bond was one of the several hundred students who formed SNCC. Bond also took part in voter registration drives in Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Arkansas.)

Stokley Carmichael, ALS regarding expenses. (Carmichael took part in the SNCC Freedom Rides of 1961. When he reached Mississippi he was arrested, the first of his nearly three dozen arrests. Carmichael later became a field organizer for SNCC and led voter registration drives in Mississippi.)

Fannie Hamer, a doctor's bill. (In 1962, when Hamer was 44 years old, SNCC volunteers came to town and held a voter registration meeting. She was surprised to learn that Blacks actually had a constitutional right to vote. She became a SNCC Field Secretary and traveled around the country speaking and registering people to vote.)

James Forman docket approval on expense report (Forman was an American Civil Rights leader active in the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, the Black Panther Party, and the International Black Workers Congress.)

MacArthur Cotton, listed on expense report. (Arthur was an ealry ally of Medger Evers).

Robert Weil on several financial documents. (white member of SNCC staff).

Betty Miles on dozens of documents. (Miles was the SNCC accountant).

There are several topics which are very well represented in this archive. Those topics include Voter Registration and Training for those Registras.

• The Miles College Work Study, 1963-64, a literacy effort;

• Freedom Singers, formed in 1962 in Albany, Georgia to educate communities about civil rights issues through song;

• The Arkansas Project, designed to combat segregation in public facilities and schools, to assist voter registration;

• Council of Federated Organization (COFO), organized Freedom Summer, a national campaign launched in June 1964 to attempt to register as many Black voters as possible in Mississippi. In addition to these topics, there are some really fascinating items.

For example, [6] $100 Cash Bond receipts dated early March 1964 from Jackson Mississippi. Also 100's of Bus Ticket receipts to dozens of Southern cities in 1964.

A complete binder filled with Contributors and organized by state. Another binder of utilities bills for each SNCC office in Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi.

An unusual letter regarding a Bond Fund for Selma Alabama.

This immense archive will provide years of research opportunites and a unique opportunity to understand the inner workings of one of America's most prolific Civil Rights organizations.
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Current Bidding
Minimum Bid:  $3,750
Current Bid:    $0.00
Estimate:    $7500 - $15000



Bus Burning in Newark Mayor's race

As the Newark mayor's race heads to the May 13 vote, the opposition is playing dirty tricks. Aside from the bus burning, Ras Baraka's mother, Amina, had her tires punctured.  She now has 24 hour security at her home on South Tenth Street.

Newark mayor's race: 

Baraka bus burning suspect arrested

1baraka-bus-fire.JPG
The campaign bus of Newark mayoral candidate Ras Baraka was vandalized in February. Today authorities arrested Michael Benkowski in connection with the arson. (Saed Hindash/The Star-Ledger)
David Giambusso/The Star-LedgerBy David Giambusso/The Star-Ledger 
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on April 04, 2014 at 3:16 PM, updated April 05, 2014 at 12:44 AM
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NEWARK — Michael Benkowski, the man suspected of lighting a fire on Newark mayoral candidate Ras Baraka’s campaign bus, was arrested yesterday and charged with arson, according to a statement issued by acting Essex County Prosecutor Carolyn Murray’s office.
On Feb. 16, the bus emblazoned with Baraka’s image and campaign slogan was vandalized, police said. A small fire was set inside the vehicle and sugar was poured into the gas tank, police said.
No one was injured and the bus is back in operation, but the incident became a flash point in what has been a contentious campaign. Benkowski, a 43-year-old Newark resident, was a paid canvasser for Baraka’s opponent, Shavar Jeffries, according to campaign filings.
A former state assistant attorney general, Jeffries has made fighting crime a central issue of his campaign against Baraka. He has denied any knowledge of the vandalism.
"The Jeffries Team for Newark welcomes the news of an arrest in this case and hopes that any individual involved is brought to justice," said Lupé Todd, a spokeswoman for Jeffries.
MICHAEL BENKOWSKI.JPGMichael Benkowski, arrested for torching Ras Baraka's campaign bus, was a paid canvasser for the Shavar Jeffries campaign 

After the vandalism occurred, police and investigators at the Essex County Prosecutor’s Office used surveillance video and photographs to identify the suspect. This week they issued a warrant for Benkowski’s arrest.
"He was arrested earlier this morning by members of the Prosecutor’s office and agents of the FBI fugitive task force," Chief Assistant Prosecutor Thomas Fennelly said yesterday. "He was arrested in Newark without incident at an apartment on Broad Street."
Benkowski has been charged with third-degree arson, third-degree criminal mischief and third-degree burglary. He is being held at the Essex County Correctional Facility. Bail was set at $100,000.